Board of Education v. Earls,
536 U.S. 822 (2002).
�Upheld random drug testing of all students participating in extra-curricular activities � not just athletes.
lDegree of privacy intrusion was negligible with urinalysis (as compared to other tests).
lOnly consequence of failure was limit on activities.
�Testing based on hunches or �profiling� may be problematic.
�Note: Oak Grove, Missouri, school will require students who park on campus to consent to random drug tests.� Evidence of increasing trend.